![]() There would be one discrete signal or peak for each symmetry-distinct H in the cluster, along with the expected large peak at 4.8 ppm for the ambient water. If this hypothesis is correct, then the H's making up H-bonds in the stable clusters would experience a bonding environment different from that of the ambient solvent, and they should generate a separate signal on the NMR spectrum. One hypothesis to explain how UD remedies might be different from controls states that remedies contain long-lived stable clusters of solvent molecules that are not present in controls. It should be noted that all studies had methodological weaknesses according to the criteria developed by Becker-Witt et al. However Aabel and coworkers' recent study found no differences between remedies and controls. Of these nine, eight reported finding differences between remedies and controls when focusing on the relative height, chemical shift, or width of one or more of the peaks due to H's in the solvent. identified 18 published articles on the use of NMR to study remedies, of which 9 projects used NMR spectroscopy. Recent literature reviews by Baumgärtner and by Becker-Witt et al. Chemical shifts are measured in units of parts per million (ppm) deviation from a reference shift. The chemical shift of a proton in a molecule in a sample reflects the (time-averaged) amount of magnetic shielding provided by the electrons making up the covalent or hydrogen bond(s) in which the proton participates, with greater electron density generally correlating with lower chemical shift numbers. ![]() There are also more complex applications of NMR such as imaging and two-dimensional NMR that are not relevant to the study of discrete remedy samples. ![]() In analytical studies, also called spectroscopy, the results are displayed as a graph or spectrum plotting concentration against a variable called chemical shift. The term "NMR" encompasses both solvent mobility studies (results are given as a pair of relaxation times denoted T 1 and T 2) and analytical studies. Proton nuclear magnetic resonance ( 1H-NMR, or simply NMR) is among the techniques that have been used to look for differences between remedies and control samples. Experiments attempting to measure or document solvent alteration through direct study of the physical and chemical properties of remedies have so far failed to yield any independently replicated positive effects. A widely accepted premise of those doing research in this field is that if remedies are more than placebos, then the process of making remedies by alternating dilution and succussion must alter the solvent, encoding in it a "memory" or "information" that biological systems can detect. The mechanism of action of homeopathic remedies has baffled practitioners and scientists for two centuries. The results failed to support a hypothesis that remedies made in water contain long-lived non-dynamic alterations of the H-bonding pattern of the solvent. ![]() No discrete signals suggesting a difference between remedies and controls were seen, via high sensitivity 1H-NMR spectroscopy. Some commercially prepared samples were found to contain traces of one or more of these small organic molecules: ethanol, acetate, formate, methanol, and acetone. None of the artifacts or unexplained signals occurred more frequently in remedies than in controls, using a p <. Of the unexplained signals, six were seen in just one spectrum each. Of these 35, fifteen were identified as machine-generated artifacts, eight were identified as trace levels of organic contaminants, and twelve were unexplained. There were 35 positions where a discrete signal was seen in one or more of the 103 spectra, which should theoretically have been absent from the spectrum of pure water. Resultsīy presaturating on the water peak, signals could be reliably detected that represented H-containing species at concentrations as low as 5 μM. A total of 57 remedy samples representing six starting materials and spanning a variety of potencies from 6 C to 10 M were tested along with 46 controls. Homeopathic remedies made in water were studied via high sensitivity proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy. High sensitivity proton nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy has not previously been used to look for evidence of differences between UD remedies and controls. localized regions where one or more hydrogen bonds remain fixed on a long time scale. One such hypothesis posits that a remedy contains stable clusters, i.e. Various hypotheses have been advanced to explain how a UD remedy might be different from unprepared solvent. contain zero molecules of the starting material. Remedies of potency 12 C or higher are ultra-dilute (UD), i.e. Homeopathic remedies are made via iterated shaking and dilution, in ethanol or in water, from a starting substance. The efficacy of homeopathy is controversial.
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